Elm wood is highly used in furniture, boxes, hockey sticks, and archery bows. It is wood-type woodworkers love to work with because of its excellent grain pattern and resistance to environmental elements.
When I was started to work with Elm, I was always wondered, Is Elm a hardwood?
Elm is a soft hardwood with a Janka hardness rating of 830 lbf (3,692 N). Elm tree is a hardwood tree that loses leaves in the fall. But Elm wood is softer than other woods that come from hardwood trees. Therefore, even though Elm is from a hardwood tree, the wood itself considered as a soft hardwood
But that’s just a quick snapshot.
So, in this article, we’re taking a detailed look at is Elm hardwood, how hard is Elm, Elmwood characteristics, uses of Elmwood and how strong is Elmwood as well.
Furthermore, I’ll answer frequently asked questions about the hardness of Elm compared to other popular wood types and many more.
So, let’s jump in!
Create a warm and welcoming space for all those dinner parties and allow guests to feel right at home. This kitchen and dining room, complete with real elm hardwood flooring, feels like the perfect place to gather with family and friends. pic.twitter.com/U4gEBI6SJF
— Manomin Timbers (@ManominTimbers) January 15, 2019
How Hard Is Elm?
Elm wood is harder than any other softwoods on the planet. But it is softer than most of the hardwoods as well.
Therefore, Elm wood is considered as a soft hardwood with both qualities of softwoods and hardwoods.
According to the Janka hardness ratings, Elm wood has a hardness rating of 830 lbf (3,692 N) which is higher than most of the softwoods such as,
- Cypress with a hardness rating of 510 lbf (2,268 N)
- Pine with a hardness rating of 380 lbf (1,690 N)
- Redwood with a hardness rating of 420 lbf (1,868 N)
But the hardness of Elm wood is lower than most hardwoods. Such as,
- Ash with a hardness rating of 1,320 lbf (5,872 N)
- Beech with a hardness rating of 1,300 lbf (5,783 N)
- Cherry with a hardness rating of 950 lbf (4,225 N)
- Maple with a hardness rating of 1,450 lbf (6,450 N)
Janka hardness scale is a standard measurement that use to find out the hardness values of the woods.
It resembles the resistance of a particular wood to dent and wear. For example, if some wood has high resistance to wear and dent, that means the wood has a high hardness rating.
As you can see the hardness of Elm wood is less than most of the hardwoods.
Normally woods from a deciduous tree that lose leaves in fall are known as hardwoods.
Elm wood also belongs to a deciduous tree, but the difference is that Elm wood itself is softer than other wood types that come from hardwood trees.
Therefore, Elm wood is classified as a soft hardwood that belongs to the category of in-between hardwoods and softwoods.
As a soft hardwood Elm is harder, denser, and stronger than most of the softwoods, but less hard, less dense, and weaker than most of the hardwoods.
When we look at the in-depth structure of Elm wood, the pores structure of Elm wood consists of straight or wavy tangential bands.
That means the pores are aligned in horizontal orientation. This pattern type is rare and specialized to all the Elmwood species.
Another elm charcuterie board finished for a wedding present. Elm is getting harder and harder to get. Pity, it’s such a beautiful wood. pic.twitter.com/VOnGqV4qTj
— dark loanen designs (@darkloanen) August 28, 2018
Overall, Elm wood has a ring-porous structure with distinct figures and wood grain patterns.
The spaces and diameters of pores fibers are higher than hardwoods and less than softwoods.
According to that, the number of fibers in a unit volume of Elm wood is higher than softwoods.
This means the density of Elm wood is higher than softwood which is why Elm is denser than softwoods.
Likewise, the number of fibers in a unit volume of Elm wood is lower than hardwoods.
This means the density of Elm wood is lower than hardwood which is why Elm is less dense than hardwoods.
Because of being in middle between hardwoods and softwoods, Elm wood has hardwood characteristics and softwood characteristics both of which are helpful in the woodworking field.
So, according to the Janka hardness rating, Elm wood has a hardness rating of 830 lbf (3,692 N).
So, to get an idea about how hard Elm wood is you can follow the following Janka hardness rating scale to compare the hardness of Elm wood with other popular wood types.
| Wood species | Hardness value |
| Brazilian Walnut | 3,684 lbf (16,390 N) |
| Red Mahogany, Turpentine | 2,697 lbf (12,000 N) |
| Brazilian Cherry, Jatoba | 2,350 lbf (10,500 N) |
| Golden Teak | 2,330 lbf (10,400 N) |
| Purpleheart | 1,860 lbf (8,300 N) |
| Hickory, Pecan, Satinwood | 1,820 lbf (8,100 N) |
| Rosewood | 1,780 lbf (7,900 N) |
| African Padauk | 1,725 lbf (7,670 N) |
| Wenge, Red Pine, Hornbeam | 1,630 lbf (7,300 N) |
| Hard Maple | 1,450 lbf (6,450 N) |
| White Oak | 1,360 lbf (6,000 N) |
| Ash (White) | 1,320 lbf (5,900 N) |
| American Beech | 1,300 lbf (5,800 N) |
| Red Oak (Northern) | 1,290 lbf (5,700 N) |
| Yellow Birch / Baltic Birch | 1,260 lbf (5,600 N) |
| Heart Pine | 1,225 lbf (5,450 N) |
| Teak | 1,155 lbf (5,140 N) |
| Black Walnut, North American Walnut | 1,010 lbf (4,500 N) |
| Cherry | 995 lbf (4,430 N) |
| Black Cherry, Imbuia | 950 lbf (4,226 N) |
| Soft Maple | 950 lbf (4,226 N) |
| Cedar | 900 lbf (4,003 N) |
| Elm | 830 lbf (3,692 N) |
| Southern Yellow Pine (Loblolly and Shortleaf) | 690 lbf (3,100 N) |
| Douglas Fir | 660 lbf (2,900 N) |
| Hemlock | 540 lbf (2,402 N) |
| Redwood | 420 lbf (1,868 N) |
| Pine | 380 lbf (1,690 N) |
As you can see Elm wood is softer than many other hardwoods and harder than some popular softwoods.
Being a soft hardwood is like having the qualities of hardwood and softwood both but none of them are at their finest.
It’s super dense and hard. I did this nightstand several years ago out of elm a beaver harvested off my last course. Heaviest nightstand you’ll ever see. pic.twitter.com/MisyAMKvJP
— Kevin Hicks (@golfsuper1992) April 20, 2020
Elm Wood Characteristics
| Color | Brownish and off-white |
| Density | 500 kg/m3 |
| Hardness | 830 lbf (3,692 N) |
| Stiffness | 1.34 Mpsi |
| Wood Type | Soft Hardwood |
| Applications | Furniture, boxes, hockey sticks |
Elmwood is a light to medium brownish wood with interlocked grain pattern. It has an uneven coarse texture.
The interlocked grain pattern makes it so hard to split. Therefore, Elm wood is considered one of the best split-resistant wood.
The ring-porous structure is one or two pores wide in diameter and growth rings are distinct with normal gaps.
Because of being a soft hardwood with less density and hardness, Elm wood is not durable against insect attacks and other environmental elements.
Therefore, keeping Elm wood furniture outside without applying proper sealer is not recommended.
Most of the hardwoods with less hardness are easy to work with. Because most of them have a straight wood grain pattern.
But surprisingly Elm wood contains interlocked grain pattern, and this makes it so hard to work with and the workability of Elm wood is significantly low.
As a woodworker, I don’t recommend Elm wood for a beginner in woodworking because screwing, nailing, sawing is a little bit difficult with Elm wood.
Apart from those aspects, here’re some qualities of Elm wood that are useful in woodworking.
- Split resistant and high flexibility
- Attractive
- Heartwood
- Smooth texture
The common factor in all these images is elm, wonderful in all its variety of grain, texture and colour… pic.twitter.com/HkKG4xF0df
— Simon Thomas Pirie (@STPFurniture) February 24, 2021
So, let’s have a look at the advantages and disadvantages of using Elm wood
Pros and Cons of Elm Wood
| Pros | Cons |
| Split Resistant | Poor Workability |
| Smooth texture | Less resistant to insect attacks |
| Attractive | Poor dimensional stability |
| Excellent flexibility | Difficult to dry |
| Strong | Moderately priced |
| Harder and denser than softwoods | Prone to fungal attacks |
As you can see, Elm needs good protection and proper maintenance with care. Otherwise, the wood will be easily destroyed because of moisture and bugs.
What Is Elm Wood Used For?
Elmwood is commonly used for the following applications. Such as,
- Furniture making
- Hockey sticks
- Boxes
- Archery bows
- Veneer
- Baskets
- Decorative paneling
- Stair treads
Because of having qualities of hardwood and softwood both can use overall any woodworking application without any hesitation.
But I advise you not to go with Elm wood for outdoor woodworking projects due to its high prone to bugs and insects.
Some process shots of a elm bench we never got round to posting.#woodworking #elm #bench #木工 #ベンチ #工程 pic.twitter.com/pKgnc7kOQv
— Takahashi McGil (@TakahashiMcGil) July 8, 2018
How Strong Is Elm Wood?
Elm wood is stronger than most softwoods and weaker than most hardwoods.
The compressive strength is moderately high, and the bending strength of Elm wood is significantly high due to its high flexibility and split resistance.
| Compressive Strength | 5,520 psi |
| Bending Strength | 11,800 psi |
| Stiffness | 1.34 Mpsi |
As you can see, Elm wood has high bending strength which is second to cherry, beech, and hard Maple only.
From Chinese doors to antique coffee tables!
— Amatuli Artefacts (@amatuli_sa) July 6, 2018
These hardwood elm doors are remarkably strong and each table is different, displaying the unique bolts and fittings of each door.
There’s nothing like that proud feeling of digging up that perfect looking “table to be”! pic.twitter.com/SKYJjmeTZm
So, let’s find answers for frequently asked questions about Elm wood hardness compared to other wood types to find about is Elm a hardwood?
Is Elm Harder Than Oak?
Oak is significantly harder than Elm. Both red Oak and White Oak are harder, stronger, and denser than Elm wood.
According to the Janka hardness ratings, you can get an idea about the hardness of Elm wood compared to Oak wood.
| Red Oak | 1,290 lbf |
| White Oak | 1,360 lbf |
| Elm | 830 lbf |
As you can see, Elm wood is twice as much weaker, less hard than Oak wood.
Is Elm Harder Than Pine?
Elm is harder than sugar Pine and White Pine. But Elm wood has a similar hardness to the Yellow Pine.
Elm wood is harder, stronger, and denser than sugar Pine, White Pine both and similar in density and strength with Yellow Pine.
According to the Janka hardness ratings, you can see the hardness of Elm wood compared to Pine.
| Sugar Pine | 380 lbf |
| White Pine | 380 lbf |
| Yellow Pine | 870 lbf |
| Elm | 830 lbf |
Is Elm Harder Than Maple?
Maple is significantly harder than Elm. Both hard Maple and soft Maple are harder, denser, and stronger than Maple wood.
According to the Janka hardness scale,
| Hard Maple | 1,450 lbf |
| Soft Maple | 950 lbf |
| Elm | 830 lbf |
As you can see why Elm wood is considered soft hardwood. The hardness is lower than the soft Maple as well.
Is Elm Harder Than Birch?
Birch is much harder than Elm. The most popular one, yellow Birch is harder, denser, and stronger than Elm wood.
According to the Janka hardness ratings,
| Yellow Birch | 1,260 lbf |
| Elm | 830 lbf |
Hope you have gained the answer to the hardness of Elm wood question by above comparison with other popular wood types.
Did I cover all you wanted to know about: Is Elm A Hardwood?
In this article, we have deeply discussed is Elm a hardwood and how hard Elm wood is with characteristic qualities of Elm wood.
Furthermore, we dig into the structural changes of Elm wood to see why Elm wood considered a soft hardwood even though it is originated from a deciduous tree.
Elm wood can use for any woodworking project with qualities of both hardwoods and softwoods. But I advise you to apply proper sealer or coating before keeping Elm wood furniture outside.
Hope you have gained good knowledge about the hardness of Elm wood and its unique features.
So, let’s start your next woodworking project with Elm wood. Enjoy woodworking!
